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HVDC Converter Station, Transmission Line, Components, Electrical Power System
An excellent training about Engineering
HVDC Transmission, Substation in Detail
Following topics are covered in this training. High Voltage DC Transmission Principle of AC Transmission Schematic of AC systemREASONS FOR AC GENERATION AND TRANSMISSION Due to ease of transformation of voltage levels (simple transformer action) Alternating Current is universally utilized. Both for GENERATION and LOADS and hence for Transmission. Generators are at remote places, away from the populated areas i.e. the load centers They are either PIT HEAD THERMAL or HYDEL Turbines drive synchronous generators giving an output at 15-25 kV. Voltage is boosted up to 220 or 400 KV by step-up transformers for transmission to LOADS. To reach the loads at homes/industry at required safe levels, transformers step down voltage COMPARISION OF HVAC & HVDC SYSTEMS HVAC transmission is having several limitations like line length, uncontrolled power flow, over/low voltages during lightly / over loaded conditions, stability problems, fault isolation etc The advantage of HVDC is the ability to transmit large amounts of power over long distances with lower capital costs and with lower losses than AC. HVDC transmission allows efficient use of energy sources remote from load centers. Depending on voltage level and construction details, losses are quoted as about 3% per 1,000 km. In a number of applications HVDC is more effective than AC transmission. Examples include: Undersea cables, where high capacitance causes additional AC losses. (e.g. 250 km Baltic Cable between Sweden and Germany) . 600 km NorNed cable between Norway and the NetherlandsCOMPARISION OF HVAC & HVDC SYSTEMS In HVDC Long power transmission without intermediate taps, for example, in remote areas. Increasing the capacity of an existing power grid in situations where additional wires are difficult or expensive to install Power transmission and stabilization between unsynchronized AC distribution systems Connecting a remote generating plant to the distribution grid Asynchronous operation possible between regions having different electrical parameters. Facilitate power transmission between different countries that use AC at differing voltages and/or frequencies Reducing line cost: fewer conductors thinner conductors since HVDC does not suffer from the skin effectCOMPARISION OF HVAC & HVDC SYSTEMS HVDC Cheaper than HVAC for long distance. Line Cost AC Line Cost DC Terminal Cost DC Terminal Cost AC Break Even Distance COST: HVAC vs. HVDC TransmissionCOMPARISION OF HVAC & HVDC SYSTEMS No restriction on line length as no reactance in dc lines HVDC can carry more power per conductor because, for a given power rating, the constant voltage in a DC line is lower than the peak voltage in an AC line. COMPARISION OF HVAC & HVDC SYSTEMS HVDC uses less current i.e. low losses. AC current will struggle against inertia in the line (100times/sec)-electrical resistance inductancereactive power Direct current: Roll along the line; opposing force friction (electrical resistance )COMPARISION OF HVAC & HVDC SYSTEMS Distance as well as amount of POWER determine the choice of DC over ACCOMPARISION OF HVAC & HVDC SYSTEMS Direct current conserves forest and saves land The towers of the dc lines are narrower, simpler and cheaper compared to the towers of the ac lines. COMPARISION OF HVAC & HVDC SYSTEMS AC Transmission Line CorridorCOMPARISION OF HVAC & HVDC SYSTEMS DC Transmission Line CorridorCOMPARISION OF HVAC & HVDC SYSTEMS DC Transmission Line CorridorCOMPARISION OF HVAC & HVDC SYSTEMS Lesser Corona Loss than HVAC at same voltage and conductor diameter and less Radio interference. Direction of power flow can be changed very quickly HVDC has greater reliability. i.e. bipolar dc is more reliable than 3 phase HVAC DC requires less insulation. An optimized DC link has smaller towers than an optimized AC link of equal capacity. DC line in Parallel with AC link. Corona (f+25)BASIC PRINCIPLES OF HVDC TRANSMISSIONHVDC Introduction HVDC technology is used to transmit electricity over long distances by overhead transmission lines or submarine cables. HVDC PrincipleComponents of HVDC Transmission Systems 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Converters Smoothing reactors Harmonic filters Reactive power supplies Electrodes DC lines AC circuit breakers Components of HVDCComponents of HVDC Transmission Systems. Converters They perform AC/DC and DC/AC conversion They consist of valve bridges and transformers Valve bridge consists of high voltage valves connected in a 6-pulse or 12-pulse arrangement The transformers are ungrounded such that the DC system will be able to establish its own reference to ground Smoothing reactors They are high reactors with inductance as high as 1 H in series with each pole They serve the following: They decrease harmonics in voltages and currents in DC lines They prevent commutation failures in inverters Prevent current from being discontinuous for light loads Harmonic filters Converters generate harmonics in voltages and currents. These harmonics may cause overheating of capacitors and nearby generators and interference with telecommunication systems Har
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